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Terminal Console Manual

Document revision 29-Nov-2002
This document applies to the MikroTik RouterOS v2.6
Overview

The Terminal Console is used for accessing the MikroTik Router configuration and management features using text terminals, i.e., remote terminal clients, as well as local monitor and keyboard. The Terminal Console is used for writing scripts. This manual describes the general console operation principles. Please consult the Scripting Manual on some advanced console commands and on how to write scripts.
Contents of the Manual

The following topics are covered in this manual:
Overview of Common Functions
Lists
Item Names
Quick Typing
Help
Multiple Items
General Commands

Overview of Common Functions

The console allows configuration of the router settings using text commands. The command structure is similar to the Unix shell. Since there's a lot of available commands, they're split into hierarchy. For example, all (well, almost all) commands that work with routes start with ip route:

[admin@MikroTik] > ip route print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic, J - rejected,
C - connect, S - static, R - rip, O - ospf, B - bgp
    #    DST-ADDRESS        G GATEWAY         DISTANCE INTERFACE
    0  S 0.0.0.0/0          r 10.0.0.1        1        ether6
                            r 192.168.1.254            ether4
    1 DC 192.168.1.0/24     r 0.0.0.0         0        ether4
    2 DC 10.10.10.0/24      r 0.0.0.0         0        prism1
    3 DC 10.0.0.0/24        r 0.0.0.0         0        ether6
[admin@MikroTik] > ip route set 0 gateway=10.0.0.1
[admin@MikroTik] > ip route print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic, J - rejected,
C - connect, S - static, R - rip, O - ospf, B - bgp
    #    DST-ADDRESS        G GATEWAY         DISTANCE INTERFACE
    0  S 0.0.0.0/0          r 10.0.0.1        1        ether6
    1 DC 192.168.1.0/24     r 0.0.0.0         0        ether4
    2 DC 10.10.10.0/24      r 0.0.0.0         0        prism1
    3 DC 10.0.0.0/24        r 0.0.0.0         0        ether6
[admin@MikroTik] >
Instead of typing ip route before each command, ip route can be typed once to "change into" that particular branch of command hierarchy. Thus, the example above could also be executed like this:

[admin@MikroTik] > ip route
[admin@MikroTik] ip route> print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic, J - rejected,
C - connect, S - static, R - rip, O - ospf, B - bgp
    #    DST-ADDRESS        G GATEWAY         DISTANCE INTERFACE
    0  S 0.0.0.0/0          r 10.0.0.1        1        ether6
    1 DC 192.168.1.0/24     r 0.0.0.0         0        ether4
    2 DC 10.10.10.0/24      r 0.0.0.0         0        prism1
    3 DC 10.0.0.0/24        r 0.0.0.0         0        ether6
[admin@MikroTik] ip route>
Notice that prompt changes to show where in the command hierarchy you are located at the moment. To change to top level, type /

[admin@MikroTik] ip route> /
[admin@MikroTik] >
To move up one command level, type ..

[admin@MikroTik] ip route> ..
[admin@MikroTik] ip>
You can also use / and .. to execute commands from other levels without changing the current level:

[admin@MikroTik] ip route> /ping 10.0.0.10
10.0.0.10 64 byte pong: ttl=128 time=5 ms
10.0.0.10 64 byte pong: ttl=128 time=6 ms
2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 5/5.5/6 ms
[admin@MikroTik] ip route>
Or alternatively, to go back to the base level you could use the .. twice:

[admin@MikroTik] ip route> .. .. ping 10.0.0.10
10.0.0.10 64 byte pong: ttl=128 time=8 ms
10.0.0.10 64 byte pong: ttl=128 time=6 ms
2 packets transmitted, 2 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 6/7.0/8 ms
[admin@MikroTik] ip route>
Lists

Many of the command levels operate with arrays of items: interfaces, routes, users etc. Such arrays are displayed in similarly looking lists. All items in the list have an item number followed by its parameter values. For example:
[admin@MikroTik] > interface print
Flags: X - disabled, D - dynamic, R - running
  #    NAME                 TYPE             MTU
  0  R ether1               ether            1500
  1  R ether2               ether            1500
  2  R ether3               ether            1500
  3  R ether4               ether            1500
  4  R prism1               prism            1500
[admin@MikroTik] >
To change parameters of an item (interface settings in this particular case), you have to specify it's number to the set command:

[admin@MikroTik] interface> set 0 mtu=1460
[admin@MikroTik] interface> print
Flags: X - disabled, D - dynamic, R - running
  #    NAME                 TYPE             MTU
  0  R ether1               ether            1460
  1  R ether2               ether            1500
  2  R ether3               ether            1500
  3  R ether4               ether            1500
  4  R prism1               prism            1500
[admin@MikroTik] interface>
Numbers are assigned by print command and are not constant - it is possible that two successive print commands will order items differently. But the results of last print commands are memorized and, thus, once assigned item numbers can be used even after add, remove and move operations (after move operations, item numbers are moved with the items). Item numbers are assigned for sessions, they will remain the same until you quit the console or until the next print command is executed. Also, numbers are assigned separately for every item list, so ip address print won't change numbers for interface list.

Let's assume interface prism print hasn't been executed in this session. In this case:

[admin@MikroTik] interface> prism set 0 ssid=mt
ERROR: item numbers not assigned
Console is telling that there has been no interface prism print command, and thus, it cannot (and also you) know which PRISM interface number 0 corresponds to.

To understand better how do item numbers work, you can play with from argument of print commands:

[admin@MikroTik] interface> print from=1
Flags: X - disabled, D - dynamic, R - running
  #    NAME                 TYPE             MTU
  0  R ether2               ether            1500
[admin@MikroTik] interface>
The from argument specifies what items to show. Numbers are assigned by every print command, thus, after executing command above there will be only one item accessible by number - interface ether2 with number 0.

Item Names

Some lists have items that have specific names assigned to each. Examples are interface or user levels. There you can use item names instead of numbers:
[admin@MikroTik] interface> set prism1 mtu=1460
You don't have to use the print command before accessing items by name. As opposed to numbers, names are not assigned by the console internally, but are one of the items' parameters. Thus, they won't change on their own. However, there are all kinds of obscure situations possible when several users are changing router configuration at the same time. Generally, item names are more "stable" than numbers, and also more informative, so you should prefer them to numbers when writing console scripts.

Quick Typing

There are two features in router console that help entering commands much quicker and easier - the [TAB] key completions, and abbreviations of command names. Completions work similarly to the bash shell in UNIX. If you press the [Tab] key after part of a word, console tries to find the command in current context that begins with this word. If there's only one match, it is automatically appended, followed by space character:
/inte[TAB]_ becomes /interface _
Here, "_" is the cursor position. And [TAB] is pressed TAB key, not '[TAB]' character sequence.

If there's more than one match, but they all have a common beginning, which is longer than that what you have typed, then the word is completed to this common part, and no space is appended:

/interface set e[TAB]_
becomes

/interface set ether_
because "e" matches both "ether5" and "ether1" in this example

If you've typed just the common part, pressing the tab key once has no effect. However, pressing it for the second time shows all possible completions in compact form:

[admin@MikroTik] > interface set e[TAB]_
[admin@MikroTik] > interface set ether[TAB]_
[admin@MikroTik] > interface set ether[TAB]_
ether1 ether5
[admin@MikroTik] > interface set ether_
The tab key can be used almost in any context where the console might have a clue about possible values - command names, argument names, arguments that have only several possible values (like names of items in some lists or name of protocol in firewall and NAT rules).You can't complete numbers, IP addresses and similar values.

Note that pressing [TAB] key while entering IP address will do a DNS lookup, instead of completion. If what is typed before cursor is a valid IP address, it will be resolved to a DNS name (reverse resolve), otherwise it will be resolved directly (i.e. to an IP address). To use this feature, DNS server must be configured and working. To avoid input lockups any such lookup will timeout after half a second, so you might have to press [TAB] several times, before name is actually resolved

It is possible to complete not only beginning, but also any distinctive substring of name: if there is no exact match, console starts looking for words that have string being completed as first letters of a multiple word name, or that simply contain letters of this string in the same order. If single such word is found, it is completed at cursor position. For example:

[admin@MikroTik] > interface x[TAB]_
[admin@MikroTik] > interface export _
x is completed to export, because no other word in this context contains 'x'.

[admin@MikroTik] > interface mt[TAB]_
[admin@MikroTik] > interface monitor-traffic _
No word begins with letters 'mt', but it is an abbreviation of monitor-traffic.

Another way to press fewer keys while typing is to abbreviate command and argument names. You can type only beginning of command name, and, if it is not ambiguous, console will accept it as a full name. So typing:

[admin@MikroTik] > pi 10.1 c 3 s 100

equals to:

[admin@MikroTik] > ping 10.0.0.1 count 3 size 100
Help

The console has a built-in help, which can be accessed by typing '?'. General rule is that help shows what you can type in position where the '?' was pressed (similarly to pressing tab key twice, but in verbose form and with explanations).
Internal Item numbers

Items can also be addressed by their internal numbers. These numbers are generated by console for scripting purposes and, as the name implies, are used internally. Although you can see them if you print return values of some commands (internal numbers look like hex number preceeded by '*' - for example "*100A"), there's no reason for you to type them in manually.
Note: As an implication of internal number format, you should not use item names that begin with asterisk (*).

Multiple Items

You can specify multiple items as targets of some commands. Almost everywhere, where you can write the number of items, you can also write a list of numbers:
[admin@MikroTik] > interface print
Flags: X - disabled, D - dynamic, R - running
  #    NAME                 TYPE             MTU
  0  R ether1               ether            1500
  1  R ether2               ether            1500
  2  R ether3               ether            1500
  3  R ether4               ether            1500
[admin@MikroTik] > interface set 0,1,2 mtu=1460
[admin@MikroTik] > interface print
Flags: X - disabled, D - dynamic, R - running
  #    NAME                 TYPE             MTU
  0  R ether1               ether            1460
  1  R ether2               ether            1460
  2  R ether3               ether            1460
  3  R ether4               ether            1500
[admin@MikroTik] >
This is handy when you want to perform same action on several items, or do a selective export. However, this feature becomes really useful when combined with scripting.

General Commands

Most command groups have some or all of these commands: print, set, remove, add, find, get, export, enable, disable, comment, move. These commands have similar behavior in all hierarchy.
print

The print command shows all information that's accessible from particular command level. Thus, /system clock print shows system date and time, /ip route print shows all routes etc. If there's a list of items in this level and they are not read-only, i.e. you can change/remove them (example of read-only item list is /system history, which shows history of executed actions), then print command also assigns numbers that are used by all commands that operate on items in this list.

If there's list of items then print usually can have a from argument. The from argument accepts space separated list of item numbers, names (if items have them), and internal numbers. The action (printing) is performed on all items in this list in the same order in which they're given.

Output can be formatted either as a table, with one item per line or as a list with property=value pairs for each item. By default print uses one of these forms, but it can be set explicitly with brief and detail arguments. In brief (table) form, column argument can be set to a list of property names that should be shown in the table:

[admin@MikroTik] interface ethernet> print
Flags: X - disabled, R - running
  #    NAME                 MTU   MAC-ADDRESS       ARP
  0  R ether1               1460  00:50:08:00:00:F5 enabled
  1  R ether2               1460  00:50:08:00:00:F6 enabled
[admin@MikroTik] interface ethernet> print detail
Flags: X - disabled, R - running
  0  R name="ether1" mtu=1460 mac-address=00:50:08:00:00:F5 arp=enabled
       disable-running-check=yes

  1  R name="ether2" mtu=1460 mac-address=00:50:08:00:00:F6 arp=enabled
       disable-running-check=yes


[admin@MikroTik] interface ethernet> print brief column=mtu,arp
Flags: X - disabled, R - running
  #    MTU   ARP
  0  R 1460  enabled
  1  R 1460  enabled
[admin@MikroTik] interface ethernet> print
Rules that do some accounting (for example, ip firewall or queue rules) may have two additional views of packets and of bytes matched these rules:

[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall rule forward> print packets
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid
  #   SRC-ADDRESS                    DST-ADDRESS                    PACKETS
  0   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535              0.0.0.0/0:0-65535              0
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall rule forward> print bytes
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid
  #   SRC-ADDRESS                    DST-ADDRESS                    BYTES
  0   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535              0.0.0.0/0:0-65535              0
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall rule forward>
To reset these counters reset-counters command is used.
Some items might have statistics other than matched bytes and packets. You can see it by using print stats command:

[admin@MikroTik] ip ipsec> policy print stats
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid
  0   src-address=10.0.0.205/32:any dst-address=10.0.0.201/32:any
      protocol=icmp ph2-state=no-phase2 in-accepted=0 in-dropped=0
      out-accepted=0 out-dropped=0 encrypted=0 not-encrypted=0 decrypted=0
      not-decrypted=0


[admin@MikroTik] ip ipsec>
There is also migtht be print status command:
[admin@MikroTik] routing bgp peer> print status
  # REMOTE-ADDRESS  REMOTE-AS STATE          ROUTES-RECEIVED
  0 159.148.42.158  2588      connected      1
[admin@MikroTik] routing bgp>
Normally, the print command pauses after the screen is full and asks whether to continue or not. Press any key other from Q or q to continue printing.
The without-paging argument suppresses prompting after each screen of output.

You can specify interval for repeating the command until Ctrl-C is pressed. Thus, you do not need to repeatedly press the 'Up-Arrow' and 'Enter' buttons to see repeated printouts of a changing list you want to monitor. Instead, you use the argument interval=2s for print.

set

The set command allows you to change values of general parameters or item parameters. The set command has arguments with names corresponding to values you can change. Use ? or double [TAB] to see list of all arguments. If there is list of items in this command level, then set has one unnamed argument that accepts the number of item (or list of numbers) you wish to set up. set does not return anything.

remove

The remove command has one unnamed argument, which contains number(s) of item(s) to remove.

add

The add command usually has the same arguments as set, minus the unnamed number argument. It adds new item with values you've specified, usually to the end of list (in places where order is relevant). There are some values that you have to supply (like interface for new route), and other values that are set to defaults if you don't supply them. The add command returns internal number of item it has added.

You can create a copy of an existing item by using copy-from argument. It takes default values of new item's properties from another item. If you don't want exact copy, you can specify new values for some properties. When copying items that have names, you will usually have to give new name to a copy.

You can place a new item before an existing item by using place-before argument. Thus, you do not need to use the move command after adding an item to the list. You can control disabled/enabled state of new items by using disabled argument, if present. You can supply description for new item using comment argument, if present:

[admin@MikroTik] ip route> set 0 comment="our default gateway"
[admin@MikroTik] ip route> set 1 comment="wireless network gateway"
[admin@MikroTik] ip route> print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic, J - rejected,
C - connect, S - static, R - rip, O - ospf, B - bgp
    #    DST-ADDRESS        G GATEWAY         DISTANCE INTERFACE
    0  S ;;; our default gateway
         0.0.0.0/0          r 10.0.0.1        1        ether6
    1  S ;;; wireless network gateway
         10.100.0.0/16      r 10.0.0.254      1        ether6
    2 DC 192.168.1.0/24     r 0.0.0.0         0        ether4
    3 DC 10.10.10.0/24      r 0.0.0.0         0        prism1
[admin@MikroTik] ip route>
move

If the order of items is relevant, command level will also contain move command. First argument is a list of items, whose order will be changed, second argument specifies item before which to place all items being moved (they are placed at the end of the list if second argument is not given). Item numbers after move command are left in a consistent, but hardly intuitive order, so it's better to resync by using print after each move command.

[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall mangle> print brief
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
  #   SRC-ADDRESS                     DST-ADDRESS
  0   0.0.0.0/0:80                    0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  1   1.1.1.1/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  2   2.2.2.2/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  3   3.3.3.3/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall mangle> move 0
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall mangle> print brief
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
  #   SRC-ADDRESS                     DST-ADDRESS
  0   1.1.1.1/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  1   2.2.2.2/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  2   3.3.3.3/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  3   0.0.0.0/0:80                    0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall mangle> move 0 2
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall mangle> print brief
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
  #   SRC-ADDRESS                     DST-ADDRESS
  0   2.2.2.2/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  1   3.3.3.3/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  2   1.1.1.1/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  3   0.0.0.0/0:80                    0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall mangle> move 3,2,0 0
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall mangle> print brief
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic
  #   SRC-ADDRESS                     DST-ADDRESS
  0   0.0.0.0/0:80                    0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  1   1.1.1.1/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  2   2.2.2.2/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
  3   3.3.3.3/32:80                   0.0.0.0/0:0-65535
[admin@MikroTik] ip firewall mangle>
find

The find command has the same arguments as set, and an additional from argument which works like the from argument with the print command. Plus, find command has flag arguments like disabled, invalid that take values yes or no depending on the value of respective flag. To see all flags and their names, look at the top of print command's output. The find command returns internal numbers of all items that have the same values of arguments as specified.

export

The export command prints a script that can be used to restore configuration. If it has the argument from, then it is possible to export only specified items. Also, if the from argument is given, export does not descend recursively through the command hierarchy. The export command also has the argument file, which allows you to save the script in file on router to retrieve it later via ftp. Note that it is not possible to bring back router configuration after reset just from the export scripts. Some important things like interface name assignment, or user passwords just cannot be saved in export script. To back up all configuration, use /system backup save command.

enable/disable

You can enable/disable some items (like ip address or default route). If an item is disabled, it is marked with the "X" flag. If an item is invalid, but not disabled, it is marked with the "I" flag. All such flags, if any, are described at the top of the print command's output.

[admin@MikroTik] > ip route print
Flags: X - disabled, I - invalid, D - dynamic, J - rejected,
C - connect, S - static, R - rip, O - ospf, B - bgp
    #    DST-ADDRESS        G GATEWAY         DISTANCE INTERFACE
    0  S 0.0.0.0/0          r 10.0.0.1        1        ether6
    1 DC 192.168.1.0/24     r 0.0.0.0         0        ether4
    2 DC 10.10.10.0/24      r 0.0.0.0         0        prism1
    3 DC 10.0.0.0/24        r 0.0.0.0         0        ether6
[admin@MikroTik] >
© Copyright 1999-2001, MikroTik

10 Reasons Why PC-s Crash - Windows Tips

10 Reasons Why PC-s Crash - Windows Tips
Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."

You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Microsoft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?




1. Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.

For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.

If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

>>Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.

Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.

Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the Internet to make the device function properly. If the device is a sound card, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).

When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.

To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.

2. Bad Ram


10 Reasons Why PC-s Crash - Windows Tips
Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.

But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.

One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.

Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.

EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.

3. BIOS settings

Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.

Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.

A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.

Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).

4. Hard disk drives


10 Reasons Why PC-s Crash - Windows Tips
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to

>>Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter

This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.

The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).

Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to

>>Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.

Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.

Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to

>>Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk

Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.

5. Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors

Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.

These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to

>>Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings

Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.

If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to

>>Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager

Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.

If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.

The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.

Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to

>>Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics

Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).

Look up your video card's manufacturer on the Internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.

6. Viruses


10 Reasons Why PC-s Crash - Windows Tips
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk.
Go to
>>Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs

Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.




A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.


7. Printers

The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.

Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.

If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.

8. Software

A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.

The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.

Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to re-install your operating system.

Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.

Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.

Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.

Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.

9. Overheating

Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.

One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU.

CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.

10. Power supply problems


10 Reasons Why PC-s Crash - Windows Tips
With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.

If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.

It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.
- See more at: http://www.tutorialscode.com/2013/09/10-reasons-why-pc-s-crash-windows-tips.html#sthash.F0isRgED.dpuf

10 Web Apps For Testing Codes Online

New trends permit developers to test their code snippets online. Here’s looking at a few web apps that are meant to serve this sole purpose.

Thursday, September 19, 2013: There are Web apps that assist you in testing your code online. All of them need an internet connection and a few of them even present you with an option of pro plans for upgrading your account features.
As cited on hongkiat.com, we bring to you ten such apps along with their features.

1. Codepad – This allows you to share code syntax over the web. Apart from debugging, it permits you to copy/paste crucial pieces of code that can be shared online. It has an output screen that shows any error messages that your code has. Its left-hand menu radio buttons permit one to make changes to the parsing language from C/C++, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, and many others.

2. Write Code Online – Its website, WriteCodeOnline.com redirects you to its JavaScript editor where you can select from JS, PHP, and basic URL encoding. It is a safe application to use and is much lighter than other options.

3. Tinkerbin – This can support web developers coding in HTML5/CSS3/JS and reveals the output on screen. Although the app is still in Alpha development, it has several tools that work in synchronization and catch bugs in a fast fashion. It also has a rendering engine that supports obscure languages like Coffeescript and Sass within CSS. Its console is quite advanced supporting a number of trends.

4. JS Bin – This is a JavaScript debugging console and makes a collaborative effort where you can share a private link with other developers and write it with them in real time. Its interface might be slightly confusing for novices but its developers have put in place online tutorials for assistance. You can choose from a number of JS libraries – jQuery, JQuery UI, jQM, Prototype, MooTools.

5. jsFiddle – Its interface is very different in comparison to JS Bin and has support for more complex functions. Instantly you can sign up for a free account and save your code samples online. It presents a short URL that you can share around the Web via Twitter, Facebook, even Stack.

6. CSSDesk – This has a setup where the source code sits on the left and final webpage render on the right. It is great for making small webpage templates and testing the longer CSS3 properties with gradients and box shadows. The app also permits you to download source code in the form of files to your computer.

7. jsdo.it – This allows you to share JavaScript, HTML5 and CSS3 code snippets. It is not an open app and needs a formal registration process. You need to connect with other social network like Facebook, Twitter, Google, or Github and then choose a username before starting to code.

8. Google Code Playground – This provides complete access to its APIs and can debug all your code straight from the same window. Talking of APIs you can take data from the biggest Google products. You can list blog posts from Blogger, markers from Google Maps, and video players directly via YouTube.

9. IDEOne – This is a tool that is based around deep programming and software development. Its online editor can support syntax highlighting for certain prominent languages which includeC, Java, C#, VB.NET, SQL and a lot more. This app allows you to instantly debug several other programming languages from the same page.

10. Viper7 Codepad - This webapp is also called Codepad and is hosted on a website viper-7.com. Its debugging tools are setup for PHP output where you can make changes between PHP5 and PHP4. By creating an account, you can utilize its service as a personal storage system.

32-bit or 64-bit, What to choose and Why?

The tendency of a computer’s processor to deal with information on RAM (random access memory) depends upon 32 bit and 64 bit version of Windows. 64 bit version can handle more RAM and apps than 32 bit.
Let’s understand it in a simple way. 64 bit version can deal with physical memory (RAM) above 4 GB and up to 128GB (yes, it exists!) while 32-bit version ...
can address RAM up to 4 GB only. Therefore, if you have a 32 bit version of Windows installed on your computer then installing RAM above 4 GB doesn’t make sense.
The ability to handle large memory makes the 64 bit version more efficient while dealing with processes. Hence, it increases the overall performance of your PC. So 64 bit is more powerful in a nutshell. Now lets check some more things related to these two technologies.

Advantages of 64 bit computer--
?The main advantage of using 64-bit version of Windows is that it offers better memory accessibility and management.
?Enhanced security features like Kernel p@tch Protection, support for hardware-backed data execution protection, mandatory driver signing, removal of support for 32-bit drivers and removal of the 16-bit subsystem available.
?Performance of those programs that are specially written for 64 bit operating system is great.

Disadvantages of 64 bit computer--
There is no specific disadvantage of using this version but there are some things you have to take care of before deciding to use it.
?You should check availability of device drivers because 32 bit device drivers do not work on 64 bit version.
?Most of the hardware devices are not compatible with 64-bit computer.
?Device drivers must be digitally signed by the developer.
?Some programs of 32 bit aren’t compatible with 64 bit.

[How to Choose a correct version of Windows]

64 bit version--
?Selecting correct version of Windows depends upon your priority and need. If you want to take advantage of large memory (more than 4 GB) then you could go for 64-bit version. But do check for the 64-bit versions of various tools and programs you use everyday before making the switch.
?Most of new software and hardware are supported by 64-bit version. Check compatibility status of your software and devices.

32 bit version--
?32 bit versions are cheaper than 64 bit versions.
?If you are using old software and hardware then you could go with 32-bit version because it can support all your program and devices.

Note: Most programs designed for 32 bit version can support 64-bit version too (except some antivirus programs). But if a program is designed for 64 bit version then it won’t work on 32 bit version.

Websites to Learn PHP

Websites to Learn PHP

PHP stands for HyperText Preprocessor. It is widely used for creating programmed features for Web sites because it is easy to learn and also because PHP syntax is drawn from other widely used language,making it familiar to many programmers. It is Server Scripting language, and is a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP is now installed on 244 million websites. you already know that PHP is a cross-platform technology.

One of the best thing about PHP is the large number of Internet service providers(ISPs) and Web hosting companies that support it. Today there are hundreds of thousands of developers using PHP,and it’s not surprising that there are so many,considering that several million sites are reported to have PHP installed. Here I show you the top websites for learn PHP.

Websites For Learn PHP :-

1 ) PHP.net :-

This is the Official Website of PHP. The First place to look at PHP.net. This site has everything you need to know about PHP. Here you can start a PHP with basic knowledge. so learn PHP with PHP.net and start you design website with PHP.

PHP.net

2 ) W3Schools :-

The W3Schools is a good place to learn PHP. I Personally learnt HTML/CSS with the help of this website. this website provided all the tutorial of the web based language.

W3Schools.Com

3 ) LearnPHPOnline :-

The Learn PHP Online is a another best place to learn all about the PHP. Here you can find all the tutorial regarding to PHP. I already used this website for learn PHP online.

LearnPHPOnline.Com

4 ) PHPbuddy :-

PHP Buddy is also best place to learn PHP. This site has a plenty of articles and tutorials on PHP. you can find anything as you need for learn PHP by using this website.

PHPbuddy.Com

5 ) Develop PHP :-

Develop PHP is a Great Place to learn PHP. Here you can find the articles about how to develop a website using PHP. you can develop a website with PHP step by step using this site.

DevelopPHP.Com

6 ) About PHP :-

The About PHP is a right place to learn PHP. You can learn about the PHP functions, loops, how to use PHP and HTML together, how to use time and calendars, create forms, use redirection, countdowns and simple math functions.

PHP.About.Com

7 ) Tizag :-

Tizag has everything you should know in PHP Programming. They have some very basic tutorials which are great for beginners, and a few advanced ones designed to illustrate tricky PHP topics.

Tizag.Com

8 ) 9lessons :-

9lessons is a Blog founded by the Shinivas Tamada. Here you can get everything about PHP. Here you can get a new knowledge about PHP Programming and Much More.

9lessons.Com

9 ) StackOverFlow :-

Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. Here you can get everything about PHP. It’s Top ranked forum in the world.

StackOverFlow.Com

10 ) PHPGang :-

PHPGang is a programming blog maintained by Huzoor Bux Panhwar. Here you can get the step by step tutorial of the PHP.

PHPGang.Com

Tips For Making Good Home Page

If you want to become a Top PHP Developers this all websites are more helpful for become it. So Here i suggest top 10 websites for learn PHP Online. I personally learn PHP by using this all Websites.

Enjoy the World of PHP..!!